Lte throughput formula

Lte throughput formula. Provide the inputs as per example mentioned as follows to the below calculator to determine 5G NR For per venue KPI, use the following formula: Phase sync loss time = ∑ of all GPS RSC /# no of RSC with GPS Holdover To calculate Holdover, use the following formula: 100-A where A = Percentage of time in Phase Locked To calculate per venue KPI, use the following formula: May 29, 2018 · Retainability KPIs evaluate how well services are retained once connected, such as call drop rate and ERAB drop rate. It is the net bit rate (useful information rate excluding error-correcting codes) or maximum throughput divided by the bandwidth in hertz of a communication channel or a data link. In this video, I'm going to show you how to calculate LTE FDD throughput in DL and UL. There is not one factor, but a number. Bandwidth is the potential measurement of a link, whereas throughput is an actual measurement of how fast we can send In WCDMA, HSDPA, HSUPA probably 'Yes', but in LTE you would still have a little low throughput than the 3GPP spec value even in PHY throughput. LTE Throughput Calculator . 752 This parameter is taken with some inaccuracy, i. 6 0. For 4G Spectral Efficiency= 4G LTE Throughput / channel bandwidth, Hz, You should to use 4g-lte-throughput-calculator to get 4G LTE Throughput and Use parameter from 4G LTE Throughputs calculator “BW- Band Bandwidth” * 1000000 as “Channel bandwidth, Hz” 6. 0 (2010-03) The reporting range of RSRP is defined from -140 dBm to – 44 dBm with 1 dB resolution. 00 Rohde & Schwarz LTE UE receiver performance measurements 3 1 Introduction LTE user equipment (UE) receiver performance has significant impact to cellular radio network coverage and capacity. • Extension to rate-capped user throughput by using the M/G/R PS model for non-integer . Sep 12, 2020 · High PRB Utilization && Low User Number => that means serving UEs enjoying almost very satisfied throughput regarding to LTE 4G Signal they can see in their handsets. HI all,Please go through video of Throughput Calculation in LTE (FDD & TDD) # How to Calculate LTE Data Rate. Feb 5, 2024 · This article "LTE Throughput Optimization: Part 2 - Spectral Efficiency" explains data part (PDSCH) of the LTE subframe and discusses various ways to improve its efficiency. 101 chapter 5. How to Optimize Throughput. The 5G NR Throughput Calculator is developed as per 3GPP TS 38. This calculator on LTE throughput is based on MCS,Number of PRBs (Physical Resource Blocks) and number of MIMO antennas. Jul 1, 2014 · On Section 4 an overall uplink average IP throughput formula, considering uplink air interface transmission delay as input, is proposed for cell planning analytical predictions. Definition of This throughput often get configured with the throughput calculated at the last step of this process. 1 0 0 0. The formula for 4G LTE EARFCN is described in 3GPP TS 36. g. 3) of he calculation is based on the 3GPP standard recommendation. Max Throughput Calculators. LTE UEs typically use SINR to calculate the CQI (Channel Quality Indicator) they report to the network. Follow our step-by-step guide to effortlessly calculate the ECI for LTE. real user bit rate will be a bit lower). Throughput Calculation - TDD . This page mentions LTE Resource Block Calculator. This plot is automatically generated by AZQ Reporting tool and I just did some cosmetic touch on the chart. . In other words, it means "The code rate is defined as the ratio between the transport block size and the total number of physical layer bits per subframe tha ETSI 3GPP TR 37. 101-1,2 documents. The throughput for a device working in a live network would vary at every moment as you can see this drive test. • Verification of the validity of the M/G/1 PS approach by comparing to live network mea-surements. * MIMO 8x8 is available to Cat. 5 0. Calculate the maxium theoretical throughput of a specified LTE Configuration. Hi All,There are lot of new member joined so i a Nov 6, 2016 · In sostanza, la formula dice che il throughput varia in funzione dell'inverso della radice della probabilità di perdita di un segmento TCP. Throughput is the actual Jul 1, 2023 · With the enormous evolution of the smartphone, especially with the appearance of the fourth generation (4G) cellular networks, the demand for high-speed data rate, low latency, and video streaming have been increased. This Page provides information about 4G LTE Throughput calculator. 4 0. Another thing to consider is that throughput can be discriminated by QCI. 912 Feasibility study for Further Advancements for E-UTRA (LTE-Advanced) ii) Low throughput does not necessarily mean low CQI. CA Using LTE Advanced carrier aggregation, it is possible to utilise more than one carrier and in this way increase the overall transmission bandwidth. It is because there is some subframes where you cannot allocate full RBs (100 RBs in case of 20Mhz, Cat 3). e. The maximum data rate depends on channel bandwidth. Scaling Factor (from 0 to 1) In this calculator you can use it to introduce the DL/UL factor based on slot format as well as BLER of the scheduler to get a closer to practical limit , 3. To obtain the correct result of Spectral Efficiency calculator, it is necessary to: calculate 4G LTE Throughput calculator (depend on number of MIMO layers, Bandwidth, Frequency range, modulation type, and so on. Long-Term Evolution (LTE) is the project name of a new, high performance air interface for mobile communication systems. This is the real measurement showing the correlation between SINR and Throughput. Found a mistake? Contact us! 01. Simply select network type and type in the LCID/CID. Calculator is based on 3GPP 36. Furthermore, with rising demand and complexity, traditional network management In 5GNR the ideal throughput formula is obtained by multiplying the following 1. The key difference is 'number of subframes /sec' parts as marked in red. Applications on cell planning and parameter justifications are analytically presented on Section 5 and final conclusions on Section 6 . LTE Throughput Calculator. Nov 21, 2023 · The throughput formula is derived from Little's Law, a simple, yet powerful theorem regarding queuing systems. Following equation/formula is used for this LTE throughput calculator. Definition: The Service Downlink Average Throughput KPI is defined in Table below. Wireless communication data provide useful information pertinent to the development of communication equipment, standards and specifications, conducting high-level feasibility studies during initial deployment of telecommunication infrastructure, and providing accurate evaluation of the quality of service (QoS) [12] in order to enhance the quality of user experience (QoE) [13]. slow download, blocking, etc. 11ac 802. It determines the maximum data throughput across the air interface between the LTE base station (eNB, evolved node B) and the mobile There has been a series of posts for LTE Throughput computation in both FDD and TDD. 21, Fig. It calculates PRB (Physical Resource Block) based on channel Bandwidth. Radar Cross Section figure (fig. With the help of Table 2 , the hardware infrastructure regarding the coexistence of both communication technologies (4G LTE and 5G NR) can be developed. in case of 30kHz SCS, the NR RB will be 360kHz (30×12). The link spectral efficiency of a digital communication system is measured in bit/s/Hz, [2] or, less frequently but unambiguously, in (bit/s)/Hz. Use this page calculate things such as eNB ID/RNC-ID/BSIC or hex values of IDs. At the physical layer in 5G and LTE, typical BLER threshold defined is to be ≤10%. 5G NR Throughput calculator. General factors to influence the max throughput for user data are as follows : Duplex Mode : Half Duplex or Full Duplex (it is highly likely that Half Duplex will be used for LTE-M1 deployment) Aug 15, 2024 · What is the formula for throughput rate? The formula for calculating throughput is: I=R * T In this formula, I represents inventory, R represents throughput rate and T represents time. Original code from Github. 5G NR Throughput Calculator | 5G NR Throughput Formula ; 5G NR Throughput calculator; Reference. Nov 26, 2022 · However, in LTE the RB is 12 sub-carriers x 7 symbols while in NR the RB is 12 sub-carriers but there is no time limit. 815 Further Advancements for E-UTRA; LTE-Advanced feasibility studies in RAN WG4. Provide the inputs as per example mentioned as follows to the below calculator to determine 5G NR Feb 1, 2017 · Physical layer data throughput can be calculated accurately for different scenarios. Almost whole of this site is about LTE. Even though two subscribers may use the same amount of spectrum (i. It has been realized that with the increase in frequency for both 4G LTE and 5G NR, there will be the decrease in BER, BLER and increase in throughput. LTE code rate calculator LTE EARFCN vs Frequency converter LTE PCI calculator LTE RB calculator LTE RIV calculator LTE RSRP and RSRQ calculator LTE throughput calculator RF and Wireless tutorials WLAN 802. It is generally measured at a higher network layer than the data rate. 0 (2020-11) Intellectual Property Rights Essential patents IPRs essential or potentially essential to normative deliverables may have been declared to ETSI. Calculator is based on 3GPP communication standards and allows you to calculate the maximum throughput of 4G LTE networks. Frequency bands for 5G For throughput calculation, suppose: Bandwidth – 20MHz Multiplexing scheme - FDD UE category- Cat. initial throughput is multiplied by 2 or 4 either MIMO 2x2 or MIMO 4x4 selected, respectively. These are what I found in internet. Jun 18, 2024 · LTE frequency band and arfcn calculator. The DL and UL capacities (achievable throughput) are impacted by the total BW (1. Throughput Calculation in LTE. So, it is very likely that you would see low CQI when you see throughput drop in livenetwork test. Counter name may vary from release to release. 7 0. Cell DL Average Throughput: This parameter evaluates downlink data rate in kbps. network latency. Bandwidth, like data rate, is the maximum throughput achievable on a network, or link, and is generally established by the media and encoding technologies. Apr 1, 2019 · The test set LTE cells PRB utilization vs average user throughput of 1 busy hour. 4, 3, 5, 10, 15, and 20 MHz), the total overheads, and the spectral efficiency, which is determined by the DL SINR. Let's delve into the technical details of throughput in LTE: 1. In order to determine physical layer performance, we need to calculate the total physical resources available for different bandwidths of downlink transmission. 306, 38. Modulation bits / symbol (8 for 256QAM, 6 for 64QAM) , 2. RSRP levels for usable signal typically range from about -75 dBm close in to an LTE cell site to -120 dBm at the edge of LTE coverage. Today is the start of uplink throughput computation. PDCP, RLC and MAC). 11ad wimax Zigbee z-wave GSM LTE UMTS Bluetooth UWB IoT satellite Antenna RADAR In essence, throughput can be described in terms of BLER as: Thus, as BLER decreases, the throughput increases. Throughput Formula 1 day ago · Throughput is a key performance indicator in computer networks, telecommunications, and other information technology systems. 101 Section 9. Formulas are provided for calculating many of the KPIs TR 36. Also Refer LTE throughput basics>> and LTE code rate calculator>> to understand the concept to derive TBS from Which means that in LTE you will have even bigger TBS than HSPA+ Dual Carrier. 4G/LTE - Throughput. As LTE uses different channel bandwidths both for FDD and TDD. Essentially, Little's Law measures the efficiency of a system based on how long an Dec 11, 2020 · Above mentioned formula has been used along with 5G NR Physical layer parameters and other 5G NR system parameters in order to develop 5G NR throughput calculator. of contributing factors which affect the end user throughput. The data rate at this step is determined only by number of REs allocated for the data and the modulation method (QPSK, QAM, 16 QAM etc). Apr 28, 2023 · 5G NR | VoLTE | LTE-A | Massive MIMO | NB-IoT | NDO Network Specialist at Ericsson, Australia Ali Khalid is a Senior LTE/VoLTE RNPO, NB-IoT and 5G Solution Architect who has successfully led and delivered a number of projects in different regions across the globe including Pakistan, Bahrain, UAE, Qatar, Oman, KSA, Nigeria, Turkey, Poland and Japan. (The reason is same as above) iii) With low CQI, it is for sure that you cannot achieve the maximum throughput. The calculation is performed based on RSSI and channel Bandwidth considered. Throughput refers to the overall effective transmission rate, taking into account things like transmission overhead, protocol inefficiencies and perhaps even competing traffic. Feb 12, 2015 · This tutorial explains how LTE downlink maximum throughput is determined. The following calculator on LTE throughput uses throughput calculation based on MCS, Number of PRBs (Physical Resource Blocks) and number of MIMO antennas. It is recommended to read OFDMA/SC-FDMA sections to clearly understand throughput calculation in LTE. In case of R99 or HSPA, the ideal throughput is described in a neat page of table and a lot of people knows what kind of throughput they have to expect, but in LTE the situation got much more complicated since there can be several factors determines the throughput and each of the factors can have so many different values. LTE network base on live data and to examine the validity of different downlink throughput and inter-site distance in a realistic LTE deployment. The breakdown of PDCCH structure and its aggregation layers provided a clear understanding of how scheduling allocations work for PDSCH and PUSCH, making it easier to comprehend the overall optimization process. TR 36. Cell ID Calculator . 901-5 version 16. For TDD Case: You can find them. 306 document for more information on 5G NR data rate calculation. The LTE PRB calculation outputs FFT size and number of used subcarriers. Since the desired end result is throughput rate, or R, you can rearrange the formula by solving for R as such: R=I/T How to calculate throughput rate A healthy SINR is critical to maximizing data capacity and throughput. The post presents the simplest way how to calculate LTE throughput. The formula used in LTE resource block calculator is also mentioned. 8 1 Figure 2. 1. 823 Evolved Universal Terrestrial Radio Access (E-UTRA); Carrier Aggregation Enhancements; UE and BS radio transmission and reception. 4G LTE: 4G LTE Throughput calculator, 4G LTE Link budget calculator, This LTE throughput Calculator is used for calculation of throughput as per 4G LTE standard. The formula takes into account Carrier Aggregation (CA). 211 communication standards and allows you to calculate Max LTE Users depend on Bandwidth, CFI format, Aggregation CCE levels, DCI, etc. The physical uplink shared Channel (PUSCH) is used to transfer application data. Jul 12, 2021 · RSRP / LTE carrier RSSI (in Watts) or RSRQ = 10 log (N) + RSRP – LTE carrier RSSI (in dB) Where N is the number of resource block over the measured bandwidth (see table below) As it happened with RSRP this quantity is also used by the UE to rank cells for cell reselection and handover. 7 LTE Throughput and Capacity Analysis 6. So, in this scenario, the company has a throughput of 40 units per day. Another notice is calculated throughput includes LTE headers (i. • Formulation of LTE user throughput in terms of the M/G/1 PS model by using PRB utiliza-tion as the load metric. I have added Huawei and Ericsson DL user throughput formula at the end of this post, just as reference as they might not been updated. This value should not be confused with bandwidth or the data rate. This is a simple and straightforward formula for data rate calculation. The paper considers a multi-static target detection problem in cell-free massive MIMO ISAC system. Data. the number of OFDMA sub-carriers), their respective signal quality (SINR) determines their throughput. 22 Mbps LTE throughput calculator formula. So in this case, very high performance IP data server is the most important factor for throughput test. It is a critical metric that directly impacts the user experience and the efficiency of the wireless network. One can refer following pdf which covers snapshot of 3GPP TS 38. Frequency bands for 5G Nov 4, 2018 · In this tutorial we will learn in Telecom How to calculate lte throughput & resource block, how to calculate lte symbol duration, how to calculate lte data r Introduction. The following calculations are made for user data bit rates on IP layer (including IP headers and LTE overhead, i. data rate) calculator is also described. 133 V8. Jun 27, 2011 · So, for example, if we think LTE cell will provide 100 Mbps of throughput while in reality can only do 50 Mbps, the operator will be short by 50% of capacity in the access network resulting in poor user experience (e. 7. HERE, HERE, HERE and HERE. For many people working in LTE, one of the most important question would be what is the maximum throughput for a network, device or network operator. Channel quality. Developed by the Third Generation Partnership Project (3GPP), LTE is the evolution of the Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS) towards an all-IP broadband network. 8 0. The formula used in 5G NR throughput (i. The Benefits of Calculating Throughput. For example, it can be applied to assess how fast the company provides services to its customers. Following plot is from the data captured by a drive test tool Azenqos Drive Test tool (AZQ Android). 6 PRB utilization, ρ 0. Latency slows down throughput, which, in turn, lowers throughput and delivers poor network performance to users. 1 [ 1]. Frequency bands for 5G The maximization of throughput levels can be the key driver in maximizing a company’s revenue. THROUGHPUT (SPEED in MBPS) CALCULATION IN 4G LTEIn this video we have shown 4 methods by which throughput can be calculated in LTE and how various factors af This page covers 5G NR Throughput Calculator. The spectral efficiency is simply the number of bits transmitted over a frequency bandwidth in a specific time and is measured in bits/s/Hz. Simply put, the code rate can be defined as the ratio of the data rate that is allocated for a subframe and the maximum data rate that ideally can be allocated in the subframe. Example 1 > Throughput, CQI, BLER while driving on a highway In 5GNR the ideal throughput formula is obtained by multiplying the following 1. It can be summarized as below. Another difference is about TBS each subframe as marked in blue. Band 66 : The range 2180-2200 MHz of the DL operating band is restricted to E-UTRA operation when carrier aggregation is configured With this LTE Radio Load versus User Throughput (DRAFT) Comparison of user throughput and scheduled throughput Throughput as a fraction idle cell throughput C 1 user throughput Tue 0. The concept of throughput is essential to companies in various industries, even if they are not involved in the production of goods. Sep 11, 2019 · Throughput is the amount of data successfully transferred between a source and a destination host. 306 standard: NR User Equipment (UE) radio access capabilities and uses formula to obtain a 5G NR Throughput data rate in the DL (downlink) and the UL (uplink). Use this calculator to calculate LTE throughput, and carrier aggregation Throughput. 1 Served Physical Layer Throughput Calculation. 3. PREREQUISTE : General Guidelines Before diving into Throughput Investigation: 4G LTE Throughput calculator; 4G LTE EARFCN calculator; 4G LTE Link budget calculator; 4G LTE Timing Advance Distance calculator; 4G LTE RS RE Power boosting calculator; 4G LTE Cell ID (ECI) 3G UMTS UARFCN calculator; QoS 5G NR; QoS 4G LTE; Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) Calculator; Watt to dBm converter; Other caculators. Supports TDD, FDD and SDL, Carrier aggregation and MIMO Dec 29, 2022 · Both Ericsson and Huawei user throughput formula taken into consideration this. Sep 14, 2019 · Therefore, these demands increased the need to develop the wireless system to meet the quality of service (QoS) requirement [5][6][7][8][9]. The formula for each sub-KPI is mapped to specific counters that track these metrics. To maintain the BLER under this threshold, gNodeB’s use a link-adaptation algorithm based on the UE’s feedback to signal a lower MCS and coding Dec 29, 2022 · Both Ericsson and Huawei user throughput formula taken into consideration this. The calculation is per component carrier (CC) and then added up over \(J\) carriers. By far the most important thing to do when optimizing throughput is to minimize network latency. Jan 1, 2019 · Fig. 9 scheduled throughput T sch 0. Like the uplink throughput KPI, it consists of nine sub-KPIs, each mapped to a specific QCI. The ultimate goal is to support or make it suitable for the network planning and optimization of LTE. Downlink and uplink are focused within the scope of this paper. 306 shares a formula for calculating the maximum data rate that a UE can support in downlink and uplink. In LTE, end user quality of service is impacted by the cumulative effect of various nodes and interfaces. Integrity KPIs relate to throughput, including downlink and uplink throughput. 11ad wimax Zigbee z-wave GSM LTE UMTS Bluetooth UWB IoT satellite Antenna RADAR Nov 6, 2017 · In this page we present a simple LTE RSRP & RSRQ calculator. 3 Modulation supported- as per Cat 3 TBS index 26 for DL (75376 for 100RBs) and 21 for UL (51024 for 100 RBs) So the throughput can be calculated by a simple formula: Throughput = Number of Chains x TB size So DL throughput = 2 x 75376 =150. Calculating the 4G LTE Cell ID (ECI) is a crucial skill for effective LTE network management. In reality throughput will be a bit lower due to increased number of pilot signals. Linear correlation is visible, as PRB load increases average user experienced throughput decreasing. Mobility KPIs cover handover success rates for different types of handovers between nodes. Service Downlink Average Throughput: This parameter has some indicators, which could be used for actual downlink traffic during the busy hours. Now let me summarize several equations (formula) to show the correlations among these parameters. To calculate the throughput, we would use the formula: Throughput = 1,000 units / 25 days = 40 units per day. Jun 2, 2023 · The maximum throughput of a network may be consequently higher than the actual throughput achieved in everyday consumption. In realtà però, a causa delle semplificazioni modellistiche utilizzate per la sua derivazione, la formula va più vista come un limite superiore al throughput piuttosto che per la determinazione di un Throughput Optimization. Throughput Calculation - From UE Cateogory. 0 Release 16 2 ETSI TR 137 901-5 V16. 2. 5G-NR : Throughput CalculationApproximately data transfer rate of 5G NR can be calculated using the formula: The calculati Feb 8, 2024 · The time taken to produce these units is 25 days. Network latency is an expression of how much time it takes for a data packet to get from one designated point to another. This site is for everything on 4G/LTE. Jan 2, 2024 · Throughput in LTE (Long-Term Evolution) refers to the actual data transfer rate or the amount of data transmitted over the network in a given time period. LTE throughput calculator EXAMPLE: Input : MCS = 10, PRBs = 20, Number of MIMO Antennas = 2 Outputs : LTE throughput = 6. The terms ‘throughput’ and ‘bandwidth’ are often thought of as the same, yet they are different. On the other hand, we need to determine how many ph Jul 12, 2023 · The calculation is based on the 3GPP TS 38. TDD throughput calculation is very similar to FDD case as you see below. Apr 1, 2020 · 1. The formulas used in within the calculator is below, where: RSRP is the Reference Signal Received Power and is measured in a single RE of the LTE REsource Block. By utilizing a reliable and user-friendly 4G LTE Cell ID (ECI) calculator, you can simplify the process and ensure accurate results. 3 0. Let’s assume, the UE is in good radio condition and its capability is available for 150 Mbps for downlink and 50 Mbps for uplink. I'm trying to replicate the Probability of Detection vs. ) and will be 50% over the required capacity for backhaul in which case it’s investment in Mar 3, 2024 · Thank you for sharing this insightful article on LTE throughput optimization and the role of PDCCH enhancements in achieving it. The throughput at the last step in the process can be defined as physical layer throughput. If the SNR is low, the AWGN channel results in the best BER performance. This example highlights the use of the lteCQISelect function which provides estimation of the CQI. 22 present the BER and throughput performances of the LTE physical layer respectively, while AWGN channel was simulated to associate a fixed user, and PedB and Flat Rayleigh channels associate users with 10 km/h and 100 km/h of velocity respectively. RSRP mapping 3GPP TS 36. SINR is used a lot by operators, and the LTE industry in general, as it better quantifies the relationship between RF conditions and Throughput. 2 0. Throughput vs. Service Uplink Average Throughput: This parameter is used to evaluate the uplink traffic during the busy hours. 5G UE This page covers 5G NR Throughput Calculator. 9. I found a couple of examples of the max throughput calculator as listed below. 3GPP decided the LTE network was the fourth generation Sep 4, 2019 · Thanks for watching my Channel ATS. 4G LTE Throughput calculator; 4G LTE EARFCN calculator; 4G LTE Link budget calculator; 4G LTE Timing Advance Distance calculator; 4G LTE RS RE Power boosting calculator; 4G LTE Cell ID (ECI) 3G UMTS UARFCN calculator; QoS 5G NR; QoS 4G LTE; Free Space Path Loss (FSPL) Calculator; Watt to dBm converter; Other caculators. LTE throughput depends on the following parameters: Bandwidth. Secondly, as LTE SCS is 15kHz so LTE RB is always 180kHz in frequency domain (12×15) but the NR SCS is flexible so the NR RB bandwidth can also vary accordingly e. This rising demand for network utilization has demonstrated the need for more service improvement. Reading and understanding these equations and take a look at the plot shown above and see if you can understand any further than before you read this section. In normal DL or UL subframe, TBS/subframe can be calculated in the same way as in FDD. In some environments, latency is measured by sending a packet that is returned to the sender -- the round-trip time is considered the latency. Code Rate . Example 1: SNR (SINR) vs Throughput in a LTE Live Network . This example provides a testbench which shows that the LTE Toolbox can satisfy the CQI reporting performance test defined in TS36. As mentioned above, real max throughput for user data can vary greatly depending on how eNB schedule the DL / UL transmission. For the detailed data path for LTE, you can refer to another pages of this site. Calculating throughput offers several benefits for businesses: Mar 14, 2023 · This Page provides LTE Max (Maximum) users capacity calculator based on CCE. It measures the rate at which a system can process or transmit data, providing insight into the efficiency and capacity of the system. LTE Throughput Calculator. The performance of the CQI estimation is also tested. 8 UE only. not my tool, but I think all of these tools are based on the fornula in 3GPP as summerized above. Among the constants, \(10^{-6}\) gives the final value in Mbps. I'll explain the differences between the two modes, and how to calcula Oct 14, 2022 · 3GPP specifications TS 38. As we know Spectral Efficiency = bits/second/Hz. May 23, 2024 · Minimizing all these factors is critical to increasing throughput speed and data performance. kvaqo ixnnc ukk vlud tqnfm bcvge rtgl rwwrkxv limi lmnws